Natural areas of Africa (grade 7). Presentation on geography "natural areas of africa" \u200b\u200bAnimals of the African savannah
Abstract of a geography lesson on the topic " Natural areas Africa ". 7th grade
Geography teachers: Olga Alexandrovna Nesterova
Objectives:
Educational: to consolidate the concept of "natural zones", to show the variety of natural zones in Africa, their dependence on climate, to show the features of nature equatorial forests, savannas and deserts, to characterize the climate, soils of these zones, the influence of man on nature;
Developing: continue the formation of the cognitive activity of students, the ability to independently acquire knowledge, broaden the horizons of children, involve them in the lesson through games, the formation of skills to work with the map, analyze, draw conclusions;
Educational: foster a sense of responsibility, an interested attitude to learning, the formation of artistic abilities of students, develop an interest in geography.
Planned results:
a) Personal:
1. Intellectual activity - intellectual skills that allow a student to independently work with sources of information, analyze and draw conclusions based on the information received.
2. Communication skills - mastering the basic skills of working in a group.
3. Responsibility and adaptability - personal qualities that allow you to act productively to achieve your goals in accordance with the rights, needs and goals of the people around you.
b) Metasubject:
1. Cognitive actions - include the actions of research and selection of the necessary information, its structuring.
2. Communicative actions - provide the opportunity for cooperation - the ability to hear, listen and understand a friend, plan and consistently carry out joint activities, be able to negotiate, correctly express their thoughts in speech, listen and take into account the opinions of others, discuss, speak publicly.
3. Strengthening the skills to work with information - to find, analyze, manage, evaluate and present information.
c) Subject:
1. Mastering knowledge about the natural zones of Africa, their dependence on climate, diversity of flora and fauna.
2. Development of cognitive interests, intellectual abilities.
3. Mastering the skills to work with various sources of information (text, textbook, atlas maps, diagrams, tables), organize their own information activities and plan their results.
Lesson type: combined
Equipment: multimedia projector, task sheets and forms for groups, tokens, atlases, maps of natural areas of the world and Africa.
DURING THE CLASSES
I. Organizing time... Set up students for work.
- I wish you fruitful work. I think that today the lesson will take you up a notch. Good luck and success to you.
- Guys, we continue to explore in all its grandeur and beauty the magical and often exotic world of Africa. And today in the lesson you will meet face to face with this extraordinary continent.
II. Division into groups
- To work in today's lesson, you united in small expedition groups, taking leaves of different colors. We will return to these leaves.
Today we have one more reason to consider the lesson unusual.
We will make an exciting travel across the mainland ... AFRICA.
- Let's remember what we know about this unique continent?
III. Homework check
The groups choose a card for themselves, after a minute of discussion, go to the board and complete the task. Tasks on cards:
1. Subscribe to climate map names of climatic zones (EKP, SEKP, TKP, STKP)
2. Draw a cloud in climates where there is a lot of rain. (ECP)
3. Sign the VM in those belts where only one dominates them. (Computer, TVM)
Additional task:
1. How many transitional climatic zones are there in Africa? Name (2, SEKP, STKP)
2. Why were they called transitional? (Air masses pass in summer and winter)
3. Sign the VM in the transition zones.
4. Who can draw a cloud, indicating the wettest season in this climatic zone.
Conclusion:
Are the climatic features of this continent monotonous or diverse?
What does this indicate? (About the diversity of flora and fauna)
Cards with crosswords are distributed
- To learn the topic of today's lesson, we must solve a crossword puzzle, showing knowledge theoretical material... The teams take turns going to the board and completing the crossword puzzle.
Questions for the crossword puzzle:
1. Not far from this city, which is the capital of the state of Libya, the most heat + 58 degrees. (Tripoli)
2. Due to the fact that the mainland is located between the North and South tropics, it is considered the most ... (hot)
3. This remarkable explorer went to Africa as a physician and missionary, and spent nearly 30 years on continuous expeditions. (Livingston)
4. Section of geography, which is devoted to the description different types reservoirs: rivers, lakes, swamps, reservoirs.
5. The deepest river in the world? (Congo)
6. The only large island off the coast of Africa. (Madagascar)
7. American journalist, after whom the waterfall on the Congo River was named. (Stanley)
8. One of the very common types of economic activity in many water areas of the mainland. (Fishing)
9. It is in this belt that the pole of heat is located, as well as the largest desert in the world. (Tropical)
10. Islets of greenery in an inhospitable desert land. (Oases)
11. One of the most beautiful waterfalls in the world, opened and named Livingstone in honor of the then Queen of Great Britain. (Victoria)
12. The highest peak on the mainland. (Kilimanjaro)
13. Constant winds prevailing over much of Africa, blowing from the tropics to the equator. (Trade winds)
- So, the topic of today's lesson is “ Natural Areas of Africa ".
- What natural zones do you know?
- Look at the pieces of paper that you took when dividing into groups. Can you guess from the color which natural zone you will be working with? Why?
Green - evergreen humid equatorial forests
Yellow - deserts
Yellow-green - savannas and woodlands.
- What climatic zone do you think your natural zones can be located in? - Pay attention, you have self-assessment sheets on your tables. Rate yourself in the section " Homework”, And within 1 minute discuss and give a collective assessment to each member of the expedition for this type of work.
IV. Defining Lesson Objectives
- Having determined the topic of the lesson, try to formulate what we should learn in the lesson today?
What natural areas are there on mainland Africa;
Try to understand the existing patterns between climatic zones and natural zones;
Determine what climatic conditions are typical for each natural zone;
Determine the type of soil and varieties of flora and fauna of natural zones;
The adaptability of plants and animals to various conditions;
Human use of natural areas.
Attention to expeditions!
- Now you start exploring your natural area.
Each expedition chose a natural area to explore. After studying additional material, maps of the atlas, you fill out the supporting synopsis. The result of your work will be a performance. On your tables is a card with the title of the expert in this expedition: captain, climatologists, soil scientists, botanists and zoologists. Choose a speaker, someone who will present the progress report.
V. Work in groups.
Time for group work limited - 10 minutes.
On your desktop, find the folder "Natural areas of Africa. 7th grade"
In this folder the files:
Supporting synopsis;
Reference materials;
Maps of Africa.
- You can use the handouts on your desk. Do not forget about the distribution of responsibilities so that everything is in time. Look for material for 2-3 minutes, highlight, emphasize, then fill out the summary.
While the guys are looking for information. The person responsible for completing opens the keynote.
- We have already determined in which climatic zone the natural zone is located. Fill in!
Vi. Protecting your project(2 minutes per group.)
- So, what have we learned about the three natural zones of Africa?
3. Working with the board.
Set correspondence:
| Characteristic 1. The trunks are so thick that 6 people cannot grasp them. Their branches are so large that each of them could become a large tree. | Natural area 1. Wet equatorial forests |
- Let's go back to the self-assessment sheets. Evaluate yourself in the section "Initial consolidation", and within 1 minute discuss and give a collective assessment to each member of the expedition for this type of work.
- Pay attention to how much we learned about natural areas.
Vii. Primary anchoring
1. Determine the natural zone by fragments.
2. From the photographs, determine in which natural zone these animals and plants live.
VIII. Reflection
- What do you think we did in class today?
- What was the most interesting for you?
- What was difficult for you?
IX. Homework:
- When you leave, take your pivot notes to teach at home.
Creative task
compose a basic outline for another natural zone
X. Lesson summary. Grading
The geographical position, the evenness of the relief contributed to the location of the geographical zones of Africa (equatorial, subequatorial, tropical and subtropical) and natural zones twice on both sides of the equator. With a decrease in moisture to the north and south of the equator, the vegetation cover becomes thinner, and the vegetation becomes more xerophytic.
There are many plant species in the north. In the center and in the south, the most ancient representatives of the planet's vegetation have been preserved. Among flowering plants there are up to 9 thousand species of endemics. Into the rich and varied animal world (see. Nowhere in the world is there such an accumulation of large animals as in the African savannah. Elephants, giraffes, hippos, rhinos, buffaloes and other animals are found here. Characteristic fauna - a wealth of predators (lions, cheetahs, leopards, hyenas, hyena dogs, jackals, etc.) and ungulates (dozens of species of antelope). Among the birds there are large ones - ostriches, vultures, marabou, crowned cranes, bustards, hornbills, crocodiles live in the rivers.
In the natural zones of Africa, there are many animals and plants that are not found on others. The African savannah is characterized by the baobab, the trunk of which reaches 10 m in diameter, the doom palm, the umbrella acacia, the tallest animal in the world - a giraffe, lions, a secretary bird. The African forest (gilea) is inhabited by the gorilla and chimpanzee apes, and the okapi pygmy giraffe. In tropical deserts it is found one humped camel dromedary, fennec fox, and also the most poisonous snake mamba. Only lemurs live on.
Africa is the birthplace of a number cultivated plants: oil palm, cola tree, coffee tree, castor oil plant, sesame seeds, African millet, watermelons, many indoor flowering plants - geranium, aloe, gladioli, pelargonium, etc.
Zone of humid equatorial forests (giley) occupies 8% of the mainland - the basin and the coast of the Gulf of Guinea. The climate here is humid, equatorial, warm enough. Precipitation falls evenly, more than 2000 mm per year. The soils are red-yellow ferralite, poor in organic matter. Sufficient amount heat and moisture promotes the development of vegetation. In terms of species richness (about 25 thousand species) and area, humid equatorial forests in Africa are second only to humid South America.
Forests form 4-5 tiers. In the upper tiers grow giant (up to 70 m) ficuses, oil and wine palms, ceiba, kola tree, breadfruit. In the lower tiers - bananas, ferns, Liberian coffee tree. Among the lianas, the rubber-bearing liana landolphia and the palm-liana rattan (up to 200 m in length) are interesting. It is the longest plant in the world. Valuable wood is possessed by red, iron, black (ebony) wood. There are many orchids and mosses in the forest.
There are few herbivores in the forests and fewer predators than in other natural areas. Of the ungulates, the dwarf giraffe okapi is characteristic, hiding in dense forest thickets, forest antelopes, water deer, buffalo, and hippopotamus are found. Predators are represented by wild cats, leopards, jackals. Common are the tasselike porcupine and broad-tailed flying squirrels. Monkeys, baboons, mandrills are numerous in the forests. Great apes are represented by 2-3 species of chimpanzees and gorillas.
The transition zone between equatorial forests and are subequatorial variable wet forests ... They are bordered by a narrow strip of humid equatorial forests. Vegetation gradually changes with the decrease in the wet season and the increase in the dry season with distance from the equator. Gradually, the equatorial forest turns into a subequatorial, mixed, deciduous-evergreen on red ferralite soils. Annual precipitation decreases to 650-1300 mm, and the dry season increases to 1-3 months. A distinctive feature of these forests is the predominance of trees of the legume family. Trees up to 25 m in height shed their leaves in the dry season, a grassy cover forms under them. Subequatorial forests are located on the northern edge of the humid equatorial forests and south of the equator in the Congo.
Savannahs and woodlands occupy large areas of Africa - the marginal uplifts of the Congo, the Sudanese plains, the East African plateau (about 40% of the territory). These are open grasslands with groves or single trees. The zone of savannas and open woodlands encircles moist and variable-moist forests from the Atlantic to and extends northward to 17 ° N. sh. and south to 20 ° S. sh.
The savannah is characterized by an alternation of wet and dry seasons. During the humid season, in the savannah, where the rainy season lasts up to 8-9 months, lush grasses grow up to 2 m in height, sometimes up to 5 m (elephant grass). Among a continuous sea of \u200b\u200bcereals (grass savanna) rise individual trees: baobabs, umbrella acacia, doom palms, oil palms. In the dry season, the herbs dry out, the leaves on the trees fall off, the savannah becomes yellow-brown. Under savannas, special types of soils are formed - red and red-brown soils.
Depending on the duration of the wet period, savannas are wet or tall-grassed, typical, or dry, and deserted.
Wet, or tall-grass, savannas have a slight dry period (about 3-4 months), and the annual precipitation is 1500-1000 mm. It is a transitional area from forest vegetation to typical savannah. The soils, like those of subequatorial forests, are red ferralite. Among the cereals - elephant grass, bearded vulture, from trees - baobab, acacia, carob, dum palm, cotton tree (ceiba). Evergreen forests are developed along the river valleys.
Typical savannahs are developed in areas with rainfall of 750-1000 mm, the dry period lasts 5-6 months. In the north, they stretch in a continuous strip from to. In the Southern Hemisphere they occupy the northern part. Baobabs, acacias, fan palms, shea tree are characteristic, cereals are represented by a bearded man. The soils are red-brown.
Deserted savannas have less precipitation (up to 500 mm), the dry season lasts 7-9 months. They have a sparse grass cover, and acacias prevail among the bushes. These savannahs on red-brown soils extend in a narrow strip from the coast to the Somali Peninsula. In the south, they are widely developed in the basin.
African savannas are rich in forage resources. There are more than 40 species of herbivorous ungulates here, antelopes (kudu, eland, dwarf antelopes) are especially numerous. The largest of them is the wildebeest. Giraffes survived mainly in national parks... Zebras are common in savannas. In some places, they are domesticated and substitute for horses (not susceptible to tsetse fly bites). Herbivores are accompanied by numerous predators: lions, cheetahs, leopards, jackals, hyenas. Endangered animals include the black and white rhinoceros and the African elephant. There are numerous birds: African ostriches, guinea fowls, turachi, marabou, weavers, secretary bird, lapwings, herons, pelicans. In terms of the number of species of flora and fauna per unit area, African savannas are unmatched.
Savannahs are relatively favorable for tropical agriculture. Significant areas of savannahs are plowed, cotton, groundnuts, corn, tobacco, sorghum, and rice are cultivated.
To the north and south of the savannas are located tropical semi-deserts and desertsoccupying 33% of the mainland. differs in a very small amount of precipitation (no more than 100 mm per year), scarce xerophytic.
Semi-deserts are a transitional area between savannas and tropical ones, where the amount of precipitation does not exceed 250-300 mm. A narrow strip of dwarf shrub-cereal (acacia, tamarisk, hard cereals). IN South Africa semi-deserts are developed in the interior of the Kalahari. Succulents (aloe, euphorbia, wild watermelons) are characteristic of the southern semi-deserts. During the rainy period, irises, lilies, amaryllis bloom.
In North Africa it occupies huge areas with precipitation of up to 100 mm, in South Africa the Namib Desert stretches in a narrow strip along the western coast, in the south is the Kalahari Desert. By vegetation, deserts are distinguished: gramineous-dwarf shrubs, dwarf shrubs and succulent deserts.
The vegetation of the Sahara is represented by individual bunches of grasses and thorny shrubs. From cereals, wild millet is widespread, from shrubs and semi-shrubs - dwarf saxaul, camel thorn, acacia, jujube, spurge, ephedra. Saline soils and wormwood grow on saline soils. There are tamarisks around the Shots. The southern deserts are characterized by succulent plants that resemble stones in appearance. In the Namib Desert, a kind of relict plant is widespread - Velvichia majestic (plant-stump) - the lowest tree on Earth (up to 50 cm tall with long fleshy leaves 8-9 m long). There are aloe, euphorbia, wild watermelons, and acacia shrubs.
Typical desert soils are sierozem. In those places of the Sahara where groundwater are close to the surface of the earth, oases are formed. All is concentrated here economic activity people grow grapes, pomegranate, barley, millet, wheat. The main plant of the oases is date palm.
The fauna of semi-deserts and deserts is poor. In the Sahara, among large animals, there are antelopes, wild cats, and fennec foxes. In the sands live jerboas, gerbils, various reptiles, scorpions, phalanxes.
Natural zone of tropical rain forests found on the island of Madagascar and in the Drakensberg Mountains. She is characterized by iron tree, rubber plants and rosewood trees.
The transition zone between tropical deserts and subtropical evergreen forests and shrubs is subtropical semi-desert and deserted steppes... In Africa, they occupy the inner regions of the Atlas and Cape Mountains, the Karoo Plateau and the Libyan-Egyptian coast up to 30 ° N. sh. The vegetation is very sparse. In North Africa, these are cereals, xerophytic trees, shrubs and shrubs, in South Africa - succulents, bulbous, tuberous plants.
Zone subtropical evergreen stiff-leaved forests and shrubs represented on the northern slopes of the Atlas Mountains and in the west of the Cape Mountains.
The forests of the Atlas Mountains are formed by cork and stone oaks, Aleppo pine, Atlas cedar with undergrowth of evergreen shrubs. Maquis is widespread - rugged thickets of rigid-leaved evergreen shrubs and low trees (myrtle, oleander, pistachio, strawberry tree, laurel). Typical brown soils are formed here. In the Cape Mountains, vegetation is represented by the Cape olive, the silver tree, the African walnut.
In the extreme south-east of Africa, where a humid subtropical climate, there are lush mixed subtropical forests, represented by evergreen deciduous and coniferous species with an abundance of epiphytes. Zonal subtropical forests are red earths. The fauna of the northern subtropics is represented by European and African species. In the northern subtropical forests There are red deer, mountain gazelle, mouflon, jungle cat, jackals, Algerian fox, wild rabbits, tailless narrow-nosed monkey magot, canaries and eagles are widely represented from birds, and in the south - earthen wolf, jumping antelope, meerkats.
Natural areas of Africa are located symmetrically about the equator. North and - "dry". Deserts and semi-deserts prevail here, the outskirts are occupied by rugged forests and shrubs. Central (equatorial) Africa is "wet", where humid equatorial and variable-humid subequatorial forests grow. To the north and south of Central Africa and in the uplifted East - savannas and woodlands.
Africa is the hottest continent on planet Earth. The equator line, passing through the center of the Black Continent, symmetrically divides its area into different natural zones. The characteristic of the natural zones of Africa makes it possible to form a general idea of \u200b\u200bthe geographical position of Africa, the peculiarities of the climate, soil, flora and fauna of each of the zones.
What natural zones is Africa located in
Africa is the second largest continent on our planet. This continent is washed from different sides by two oceans and two seas. But its main feature is its symmetrical location to the equator. In other words, the equatorial line divides the continent horizontally into two equal parts. The northern half is much wider than southern Africa. As a result, all natural areas of Africa are located on the map from north to south in the following order:
- savannah;
- variable wet forests;
- humid evergreen equatorial forests;
- variably moist forests;
- savannah;
- tropical deserts and semi-deserts;
- subtropical evergreen stiff-leaved forests and shrubs.
Fig. 1 Natural areas of Africa
Humid equatorial forests
On both sides of the equator, there is a zone of humid evergreen equatorial forests. It occupies a rather narrow strip and is characterized by abundant precipitation. Besides, she is rich water resources: the deepest river of the Congo flows through its territory, and the shores are washed by the Gulf of Guinea.
Constant heat, abundant rainfall and high humidity have led to the formation of lush vegetation on the red-yellow ferralite soils. Evergreen equatorial forests surprise with their density, impenetrability and variety of plant organisms. Their feature is multi-tiered. It became possible due to the endless struggle for sunlight, in which not only trees take part, but also epiphytes and climbing vines.
The tsetse fly lives in the equatorial and subequatorial zones of Africa, as well as in the wooded part of the savannah. Her bite is deadly for humans, as she is a carrier of "sleeping" disease, which is accompanied by terrible body pain and fever.
Figure: 2 Wet evergreen equatorial forests
Savannah
Rainfall is directly related to wealth flora... A gradual reduction in the rainy season leads to the appearance of a dry one, and the humid equatorial forests are gradually replaced by alternately humid ones, and then they turn into savannas. The last natural zone occupies the largest area of \u200b\u200bthe Black Continent, and accounts for about 40% of the entire continent.
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The same ferralite soils of red-brown color are observed here, on which mainly various grasses, cereals, and baobabs grow. Low trees and shrubs are much less common.
A distinctive feature of the savannah is the dramatic change in appearance - Juicy tones of green during the rainy season fade sharply under the scorching sun during dry periods and become brownish-yellow.
Savannah is unique and rich in fauna. A large number of birds live here: flamingos, ostriches, marabou, pelicans and others. It amazes with the abundance of herbivores: buffaloes, antelopes, elephants, zebras, giraffes, hippos, rhinos and many others. They are also food for the following predators: lions, leopards, cheetahs, jackals, hyenas, crocodiles.
Figure: 3 African Savannah
Tropical deserts and semi-deserts
In the southern part of the mainland, the Namib Desert dominates. But neither she nor any other desert in the world can compare with the greatness of the Sahara, which consists of rocky, clayey and sandy deserts. The amount of precipitation per year in sugar does not exceed 50 mm. But this does not mean that these lands are lifeless. The flora and fauna is rather scarce, but it exists.
Of the plants, such representatives as sclerophid, succulents, and acacia should be noted. The date palm grows in the oases. Animals were able to adapt to the arid climate. Lizards, snakes, turtles, beetles, scorpions can for a long time do without water.
One of the most beautiful oases in the world is located in the Libyan part of the Sahara, in the center of which there is a large lake, the name of which literally translates as "Mother of Water".
Figure: 4 Sahara Desert
Subtropical evergreen stiff-leaved forests and shrubs
The most extreme natural zones of the African continent are subtropical evergreen rigid-leaved forests and shrubs. They are located in the north and southwest of the mainland. They are characterized by dry, hot summers and humid, warm winter... Such a climate favored the formation of fertile brown soils, on which the Lebanese cedar, wild olive, strawberry, beech and oak grow.
Africa natural zones table
This table for grade 7 in geography will help to compare the natural zones of the mainland and to understand in Africa which natural zone prevails.
| Natural area | Climate | The soil | Vegetation | Animal world |
| Stiff-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs | Mediterranean | Brown | Wild olive, Lebanese cedar, oak, strawberry tree, beech. | Leopards, antelopes, zebras. |
| Tropical semi-deserts and deserts | Tropical | Desert, sandy and rocky | Succulents, xerophytes, acacias. | Scorpions, snakes, turtles, beetles. |
| Savannah | Subequatorial | Ferrolite red | Herbs, cereals, palms, acacia. | Buffaloes, giraffes, lions, cheetahs, antelopes, elephants, hippos, hyenas, jackals. |
| Alternating wet and humid forests | Equatorial and subequatorial | Ferrolite brown-yellow | Bananas, coffee, ficuses, palms. | Termites, gorillas, chimpanzees, parrots, leopards. |
What have we learned?
Today we were talking about the natural zones of the hottest continent on Earth - Africa. So, let's call them again:
- subtropical evergreen stiff-leaved forests and shrubs;
- tropical deserts and semi-deserts;
- savannah;
- variable wet forests;
- humid evergreen equatorial forests.
Test by topic
Assessment of the report
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Natural areas of Africa
Tantsyura E.S. geography teacher
Tropical deserts
Stiff-leaved forests
Variable wet forests
Humid equatorial forests
Natural areas of Africa
Wet equatorial evergreen forests
Occupy the Congo Basin and the coast of the Gulf of Guinea. These forests are distinguished by a huge species diversity (over 1000 plant species), height (up to 50 m) and multi-tiered (tree crowns fill almost the entire space).
Equatorial forest - the homeland of many valuable plants... The most common of all palms is the oil palm. The wood of many trees is used for the manufacture of expensive furniture and is exported in large quantities outside the mainland.
Coconut palm
Lianas, hanging in garlands, make a forest thicket
impassable
Ebony
(ebony)
Animals of the equatorial forests of Africa
Leopard is a predatory animal
Monkeys live in trees
Okapi, inhabited only
Pygmy hippopotamus up to 80 cm.
There are many snakes in Africa, including poisonous
The tsetse fly is a carrier of the causative agent of the disease, which causes diseases and death of cattle, horses, in humans - life-threatening sleeping sickness
Termite insects that feed on plant debris
Gorilla
Savannah in Africa, they occupy huge areas - about 40% of the mainland. Forest and savannah are two different worlds. Abundance of light and open space. The grasses reach 3m in height (elephant grasses). Trees are rare. The rainy season lasts 7-9 months.
Savannah plants
parkia
acacia
baobab
Animals african savannah
giraffes
African elephants
crocodile
zebras
antelope
The lion is the largest feline in Africa. This king of beasts is not afraid of anyone. Its roar is heard for many kilometers around. Surprisingly, it is not lions who hunt, but lionesses. A lion eats over 10 kg of meat at a time.
Rhinos are not very friendly. These animals are easily recognizable by their two horns - large and small. After eating, the rhinoceros rests somewhere in the shade, sheltered from the scorching sun. He also likes to lie in the mud - this is how the animal protects itself from the bites of annoying insects.
African
elephant
African elephant
Weight: Males reach 5 tons, females - 3.
Shoulder height: Males reach 4m., Females
slightly less.
Habits: kept by family groups.
Sounds: makes a deep rumbling is the sound for
maintaining communication, in addition publishes
shrill sound
resembling a hoarse bugle.
Food: plants.
Life expectancy: 60-70 years.
Guard: The African elephant belongs to
extinct species. Hunting him is prohibited.
Size: up to 6m.
Weight: up to 750kg.
Life span: 70-100 years.
Food: mammals, reptiles, birds,
fish, carrion.
Habits: Live alone or in groups.
Crocodile is a relic of prehistoric
times. It has survived to this day
as a representative of the reptile family, to
which also included dinosaurs. Study of
his lifestyle allows you to go back in time.
Habitat: The Nile crocodile inhabits the banks of rivers and lakes. He spends the night in the water, and goes ashore by sunrise.
Savannahs of Africa are rich in birds.
Nectarium is the smallest bird of the savannah
Pink flamingo
Secretary bird
African ostrich
Marabou bird
Natural conditions savannas are favorable for growing cultivated plants in hot countries.
Sweet potato, aka sweet potato
Rice is grown in wetter places
corn
- the largest desert on Earth. Annual precipitation is less than 100mm. Sometimes there is no precipitation for several years. In summer, the heat reaches + 40-50 degrees in the shade. In sugar, huge areas are occupied by rocky deserts, where dunes and dunes are piled in places.
The vegetation of the Sahara is extremely scarce, and in some places it does not exist at all. Rich vegetation develops only in oases.
Desert oasis
The animals of the Sahara, like those of other deserts, are adapted to the conditions of the desert climate.
Antelope - Addax
camels
African beetle
scorpio
turtle
Velvichia - a unique and amazing plant of the Namib Desert (in South Africa)
The short trunk is only 50cm above the ground. There are two dense sheets, up to 3 meters long. The leaves grow continuously, dying off at the ends.
The age can reach 150 years.
Welwitschia is protected by the Namibian Conservation Act. Harvesting her seeds is prohibited without special permission ..
* The world's largest land mammal is the African elephant.
* The largest bird on Earth is the African ostrich.
* The fastest mammal is the cheetah.
* The largest crocodile is the Nile.
* The largest apes are the gorilla.
* The tallest animal in the world is a giraffe.
* The largest beetle is the goliath.
* The fastest and most venomous snake is the African mamba.
Slide 2
Tasks
- Identify using maps geographical position natural areas.
- Study the climatic and soil characteristics of this zone.
- Get acquainted with typical representatives of flora and fauna.
Slide 3
- Tropical deserts
- Subtropical Mediterranean forests
- Variable wet forests
- Humid equatorial forests
- Savannahs and woodlands
Slide 4
Map of the longitudinal zones of Africa
Slide 5
Wet equatorial evergreen forests
Occupy the Congo Basin and the coast of the Gulf of Guinea. These forests are distinguished by a huge species diversity (over 1000 plant species), height (up to 50 m) and multi-tiered (tree crowns fill almost the entire space).
Slide 6
The first upper tier is made up of giants of woody vegetation, which raise their crowns to a height of 40-50 m and more. Below are the crowns of trees of the second tier, then the third and so on up to the fourth, fifth and even sixth tiers. With such a multi-tiered structure, very little light enters the soil, nevertheless, here there are spore plants that are not demanding on light: ferns, selaginella, and lyre.
Slide 7
The equatorial forest is home to many valuable plants. The most common of all palms is the oil palm. The wood of many trees is used for the manufacture of expensive furniture and is exported in large quantities outside the mainland.
Slide 8
Animals of the equatorial forests of Africa
- Monkeys live in trees
- Leopard is a predatory animal
- Pygmy hippopotamus up to 80 cm.
- Okapi, only found in Africa
Slide 9
- The tsetse fly is a carrier of the causative agent of the disease, which causes diseases and death of cattle, horses, in humans - life-threatening sleeping sickness
- There are many snakes in Africa, including poisonous
- Ants
- Termite insects that feed on plant debris
Slide 10
Savannahs in Africa occupy vast areas - about 40% of the mainland. Forest and savannah are two different worlds. Abundance of light and open space. The grass grows up to 3m in height. Trees are rare. The rainy season lasts 7-9 months.
Slide 11
Animals of the African savanna
- african elephants
- giraffes
- crocodile
- zebras
Slide 12
Rhinos are not very friendly. These animals are easily recognizable by their two horns - large and small. After eating, the rhinoceros rests somewhere in the shade, sheltered from the scorching sun. He also likes to lie in the mud - this is how the animal protects itself from the bites of annoying insects.
The lion is the largest feline in Africa. This king of beasts is not afraid of anyone. Its roar is heard for many kilometers around. Surprisingly, it is not lions who hunt, but lionesses. A lion eats over 10 kg of meat at a time.
Slide 13
Savannahs of Africa are rich in birds.
- Pink flamingo
- African ostrich
- Marabou bird
- Nectarium is the smallest bird of the savannah
Slide 14
The natural conditions of the savannah are favorable for growing cultivated plants in hot countries.
- cassava
- Sweet potato, aka sweet potato
- corn
- peanut
- Rice is grown in wetter places
Slide 15
Tropical deserts of Africa
Slide 16
Desert oasis
The Sahara is the largest desert on Earth. Annual precipitation is less than 100mm. Sometimes there is no precipitation for several years. In summer, the heat reaches + 40-50 degrees in the shade. In sugar, huge areas are occupied by rocky deserts, where dunes and dunes are piled in places. The vegetation of the Sahara is extremely scarce, and in some places it does not exist at all. Rich vegetation develops only in oases.
Slide 17
The animals of the Sahara, like those of other deserts, are adapted to the conditions of the desert climate.
- camels
- Antelope - Addax
- turtle
- scorpio
- African beetle
Slide 18
Velvichia is a unique and amazing plant of the Namib Desert (in South Africa)
The short trunk is only 50cm above the ground. There are two dense sheets, up to 3 meters long. The leaves grow continuously, dying off at the ends. The age can reach 150 years.
Welwitschia is protected by the Namibian Conservation Act. Harvesting her seeds is prohibited without special permission ..
Slide 19
Answer the questions
What natural areas of Africa do you know? List them.
Equatorial forests, savannas, tropical deserts
2. Name the predatory animals of Africa.
Cheetahs, leopards, jackals, hyenas, lions, crocodiles
3. What animal of the equatorial forests is considered endemic?
okapi
4. What is the largest feline living in Africa?
leopard
5. What plant in Africa resembles sweet potatoes?
sweet potato
6. What is the largest desert in the world?
Sahara
7. Where does the Velvichia plant grow?
In South Africa, in the Namib Desert
Slide 20
Used materials
V.A.Korinskaya Geography of continents and oceans, Class 7 Bustard Moscow 2001.
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