Antibiotic relationship. "Antibiotic relationship between organisms" What organisms are in antibiotic relationship
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Presentation on the topic: Antibiotic relationship
Slide No. 1
Slide Description:
Slide No. 2
Slide Description:
Antibiosis is a form of relationship in which both interacting populations or one of them are negatively influenced. The adverse effect of some species on others can manifest itself in different formsoh. Antibiosis is a form of relationship in which both interacting populations or one of them are negatively influenced. The adverse effect of some species on others can manifest itself in different forms.
Slide No. 3
Slide Description:
This is one of the most common forms with great importance in self-regulation of biocenoses. Predators are animals (as well as some plants) that feed on other animals, which they catch and kill. The hunting objects of predators are extremely diverse. The lack of specialization allows predators to use a wide variety of foods. For example, foxes eat fruits; bears gather berries and love to feast on honey from forest bees. This is one of the most common forms of great importance in the self-regulation of biocenoses. Predators are animals (as well as some plants) that feed on other animals, which they catch and kill. The hunting objects of predators are extremely diverse. The lack of specialization allows predators to use a wide variety of foods. For example, foxes eat fruits; bears gather berries and love to feast on honey from forest bees.
Slide No. 4
Slide Description:
Although all predators have preferred types of prey, the mass reproduction of unusual hunting objects forces us to switch to them. So, peregrine falcons get food in the air. But with the mass breeding of lemmings, falcons begin to hunt them, seizing prey from the ground. Although all predators have preferred types of prey, the mass reproduction of unusual hunting objects forces us to switch to them. So, peregrine falcons get food in the air. But with the mass reproduction of lemmings, falcons begin to hunt them, seizing prey from the ground. The ability to switch from one type of prey to another is one of the necessary adaptations in the life of predators.
Slide No. 5
Slide Description:
Predation is one of the main forms of the struggle for existence and is found in all large groups of eukaryotic organisms. Already in unicellular organisms, eating individuals of one species by another is a common occurrence. Jellyfish paralyze any organisms that fall within the reach of their tentacles with stinging cells (in large forms - up to 20-30 m in length), and eat them. Predation is one of the main forms of the struggle for existence and is found in all large groups of eukaryotic organisms. Already in unicellular organisms, eating individuals of one species by another is a common occurrence. Jellyfish paralyze any organisms that fall within the reach of their tentacles with stinging cells (in large forms - up to 20-30 m in length), and eat them.
Slide No. 6
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Live at the bottom of the sea typical predators - sea stars that feed on molluscs and often destroy vast colonies of coral polyps. Typical predators live at the bottom of the sea - starfish, which feed on molluscs and often destroy vast settlements of coral polyps.
Slide No. 7
Slide Description:
Many centipedes, in particular the centipede, are also typical predators with an extremely wide range of prey: from insects to small vertebrates. Many centipedes, in particular the centipede, are also typical predators with an extremely wide range of prey: from insects to small vertebrates. http://www.photosight.ru/photos/203349/
Slide No. 8
Slide Description:
Large frogs attack chicks and can seriously harm waterfowl breeding. Snakes prey on amphibians, birds and small mammals. Often, the objects of their hunt are not only adults, but also bird eggs. Bird nests located both on the ground and on tree branches are literally devastated by snakes. Large frogs attack chicks and can seriously harm waterfowl breeding. Snakes prey on amphibians, birds and small mammals. Often, the objects of their hunt are not only adults, but also bird eggs. Bird nests located both on the ground and on tree branches are literally devastated by snakes.
Slide No. 9
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Cannibalism is a special case of predation - eating individuals of its own species, most often juveniles. Cannibalism is common in spiders (females often eat males), in fish (eating fry). Female mammals also occasionally eat their young. A particular case of predation is cannibalism - eating individuals of its own species, most often juveniles. Cannibalism is common in spiders (females often eat males), in fish (eating fry). Female mammals also occasionally eat their young.
Slide No. 10
Slide Description:
Predation is associated with the capture of resisting and fleeing prey. When a peregrine falcon attacks birds, most victims die instantly from a sudden blow from the falcon's claws. Vole mice also cannot resist an owl or a fox. Predation is associated with the capture of resisting and fleeing prey. When a peregrine falcon attacks birds, most victims die instantly from a sudden blow from the falcon's claws. Vole mice also cannot resist an owl or a fox.
Slide No. 11
Slide Description:
But sometimes the struggle between the predator and the prey turns into a fierce fight. therefore natural selectionacting in the Predator population will increase the efficiency of the means of finding and catching prey. This purpose is served by a web of spiders, poisonous teeth of snakes, accurate attacking blows of praying mantises, dragonflies, snakes, birds and mammals. Complex behaviors are developed, such as the concerted actions of a pack of wolves when hunting deer. But sometimes the struggle between the predator and the prey turns into a fierce fight. Therefore, natural selection acting in the Predator population will increase the efficiency of the means of finding and catching prey. This purpose is served by a web of spiders, poisonous teeth of snakes, accurate attacking blows of praying mantises, dragonflies, snakes, birds and mammals. Complex behaviors are developed, such as the concerted action of a pack of wolves when hunting deer.
Slide No. 12
Slide Description:
This includes protective coloration, various thorns and carapace, adaptive behavior... When a predator attacks a school of fish, all individuals rush scattered. On the contrary, starlings, having noticed a peregrine falcon, huddle in a dense heap. The predator avoids attacking a dense flock, as it risks getting injured. Large ungulates, when attacked by wolves, become a circle. For wolves, the chance to fight off. and slaughtering an individual as a result of this behavior, the herd is significantly reduced. Therefore, they prefer to attack old or weakened by diseases animals, especially those who have strayed from the herd. This includes protective coloration, various spines and shells, and adaptive behavior. When a predator attacks a school of fish, all individuals rush scattered. On the contrary, starlings, having noticed a peregrine falcon, huddle in a dense heap. The predator avoids attacking a dense flock, as it risks getting injured. Large ungulates, when attacked by wolves, become a circle. For wolves, the chance to fight off. and slaughtering an individual as a result of this behavior, the herd is significantly reduced. Therefore, they prefer to attack old or weakened by diseases animals, especially those who have strayed from the herd.
Slide Description:
Nitrogen Requirements of Poor Plants nutrients soils, washed with water, led to the emergence of a very interesting phenomenon in them. These plants have insect traps. Thus, the leaf blades of the endemic of the state of North Carolina (USA) of the Venus Flytrap turned into valves with teeth. The leaves slam shut as soon as the insect touches the sensitive hairs on the leaf blade. The need for nitrogen in plants growing on nutrient-poor soils, washed with water, has led to a very interesting phenomenon in them. These plants have insect traps. So, the leaf blades of the endemic of the state of North Carolina (USA) of the Venus flytrap turned into valves with teeth. The leaves slam shut as soon as the insect touches the sensitive hairs on the leaf blade.
Slide No. 15
Slide Description:
In the sundew found in Russia, the leaves are collected in a root socket. The entire top side and edges of each leaf are covered with glandular hairs. In the center of the leaf, glandular hairs are short, along the edges - long. The head of the hair is surrounded by a transparent droplet of thick, sticky, viscous mucus. Small flies or ants will land or crawl onto the leaf and stick to it. The insect fights, trying to free itself, but all the hairs of the disturbed leaf bend towards the prey, enveloping it with mucus. The edge of the leaf slowly folds over and covers the insect. The mucus secreted by the hairs contains enzymes, so the prey is soon digested. In the sundew found in Russia, the leaves are collected in a root socket. The entire top side and edges of each leaf are covered with glandular hairs. In the center of the leaf, glandular hairs are short, along the edges - long. The head of the hair is surrounded by a transparent droplet of thick, sticky, viscous mucus. Small flies or ants will land or crawl onto the leaf and stick to it. The insect fights, trying to free itself, but all the hairs of the disturbed leaf bend towards the prey, enveloping it with mucus. The edge of the leaf slowly folds over and covers the insect. The mucus secreted by the hairs contains enzymes, so the prey is soon digested.
Slide No. 16
Slide Description:
Animal feeding - Predation is also found in fungi. Predatory fungi form trapping apparatuses in the form of small oval or spherical heads located on short branches of mycelium. However, the most common type of trap is a sticky three-dimensional network, which consists of a large number of rings formed by branching hyphae. Often, predatory mushrooms catch animals larger than them, such as roundworms. The catching process is like catching flies on sticky paper. Soon after entangling the worm, the fungal hyphae sprout inward and quickly fill the entire body. The whole process takes about a day. In the absence of nematodes, fungi do not form traps. The emergence of a complex trapping apparatus is stimulated chemically, by the waste products of worms. Animal feeding - Predation is also found in fungi. Predatory fungi form trapping apparatuses in the form of small oval or spherical heads located on short branches of mycelium. However, the most common type of trap is a sticky, three-dimensional network, consisting of a large number of rings formed by the branching of hyphae. Often, predatory mushrooms catch animals larger than them, such as roundworms. The catching process is like catching flies on sticky paper. Soon after entangling the worm, the fungal hyphae sprout inward and quickly fill the entire body. The whole process takes about a day. In the absence of nematodes, fungi do not form traps. The emergence of a complex trapping apparatus is stimulated chemically, by the waste products of worms.
Fcertain organisms can have a positive effect on each other (symbiotic relationship), negative influence (antibiotic relationship) or not to influence each other (neutralism).
Neutralism - cohabitation of two species on the same territory, which has neither positive nor negative consequences for them (for example, squirrels and moose).
Symbiotic relationship - relationships between organisms in which the participants benefit from cohabitation, or at least do not harm each other. Distinguish between protocooperation, mutualism, commensalism, etc.
Protocooperation - mutually beneficial, but not mandatory, coexistence of organisms, from which all participants benefit (for example, hermit crab and anemones).
Mutualism - a form of symbiotic relationship in which either one of the partners or both cannot exist without a cohabitant (for example, herbivorous ungulates and cellulose-destroying microorganisms).
Commensalism - a form of symbiotic relationship in which one of the partners benefits from cohabitation, and the other is indifferent to the presence of the first. There are two forms of commensalism: synochia , or lodging (for example, some sea anemones and tropical fish) and trophobiosis , or parasitism (for example, large predators and scavengers).
Predation - a form of antibiotic relationship in which one of the participants (predator) kills the other (prey) and uses him as food (for example, wolves and hares). Cannibalism - a special case of predation - killing and eating their own kind (found in rats, brown bears, person).
Competition - a form of antibiotic relationship in which organisms compete with each other for food resources, sexual partner, shelter, light, etc. interspecific and intraspecific competition.
Amensalism - a form of antibiotic relationship in which one organism affects the other and suppresses its vital activity, but itself does not experience any negative influences from the suppressed one (for example, spruce and plants of the lower tier).
Anthropogenic factors - human activity, leading either to a direct impact on living organisms, or to a change in their habitat. At the same time, the impact of a person as a biological organism and its economic activity differ. (technogenic factors).
Detailed lesson outline.
Organizational information Lesson topic "Antibiotic relationships" Subject Biology Class 11a Lesson author Degtyareva Olga Aleksandrovna biology teacher Educational institution MOU Tarskaya secondary school № 4 Methodological information Lesson type Combined Lesson objectives To consider antibiotic types of relationships between organisms, to identify their meaning.
Lesson objectives Educational: continue to expand and deepen knowledge about the diversity of relationships between organisms based on the study of the characteristics of antibiotic relationships; to reveal the essence of antibiotic relations between organisms; Developing: to form the ability to distinguish between the manifestation of different forms of antibiosis; to form students' interest in studying the relationships between organisms and the conviction that this knowledge is necessary to solve a number of scientific and practical problems of our time; Educational: 3. a responsible attitude to the implementation of the assigned task.
Detailed summary of the lesson Motivation of students) Statement of the problem question. How does the relationship between organisms of different systematic groups ensure equilibrium of biological diversity in the ecological system? Communication of the topic, the purpose of the lesson. Use in further activities. Convince students that they already have information on the topic of the lesson.
c) frontal slide 3: 2. What are the characteristic features of symbiosis? 3. On the basis of what types of relationships could mutualism arise in the process of evolution? Suggest a hypothesis.
II. Learning new material (slide 5). Teacher. Problem! Today, we continue to study the various relationships between organisms in communities. I suggest that you work with me on a plan to study antibiotic relationships. So, what questions should we consider with you today? The children themselves suggest the main questions of the lesson, then watch slide 6.
Antibiotic Relationship Study Plan. Main questions
1. The essence of antibiosis. 2. Forms of antibiosis. 3. Significance (ecological, evolutionary). 4. Practical use of knowledge about antibiotic relationships between organisms in medicine and agriculture.
1. Teacher. What do you associate the term antibiosis with? Children look at slides 7-8 and give their opinions. With the help of the teacher, summarizing all the associations that have arisen, the students form a definition of the antibiotic relationship between living organisms, the definition is written down in a notebook. Antibiosis is a form of relationship in which both interacting populations (or one of them) are negatively influenced by the other. 2. Teacher. Problem! So, please tell me what forms of antibiotic relationship do you already know? Children independently name the forms of antibiosis and draw up a diagram.
Forms of antibiosis (slide 9)
Students 'messages on this topic are heard, they answer the guys' questions
Teacher. Predators are characterized by special hunting behavior.
In carnivores, there are two main types of hunting behavior: dysentery amoeba, flatworms, roundworms, itch itch, lice). Teacher. Problem! In your opinion, is knowledge of antibiotic relationships between organisms of practical importance?
The assignment is analyzed together with the students. This allows children to immediately identify their mistakes and know their result. IV Homework V Reflection
Lesson topic. Antibiotic relationships between organisms.
1. Educational purposes: 1) characterize the forms of symbiosis based on the repetition of educational material on positive relationships between organisms; 2) to continue deepening and expanding knowledge about the variety of relationships between organisms based on the study of the characteristics of antibiotic relationships; 3) to continue deepening knowledge about the evolutionary role of these forms of relationships between organisms.
2. Educational purposes: learning the ability to highlight the essential, the main thing is to work at an optimal pace, to save time.
3... Developmental goals: continue the development of students' skills to work with a book, draw conclusions; continue the formation of skills in paired independent work; use existing knowledge, life experience, interdisciplinary connections with ecology.
Lesson type: combined.
Lesson structure: I. Org. Moment.
II. Check homework.
Paperwork.
III. Learning new material.
IV. Consolidation of knowledge, skills.
V. homework.
During the classes.
Org. Moment.
Homework check. Paperwork. 2 tasks on sheets. Mutual verification, summing up the results.
Learning new material.
Interspecies relationships are complex and diverse.
We have studied a positive relationship - symbiosis.
The purpose of today's lesson study antibiotic relationships between organisms and their significance.
Topic: Antibiotic relationships between organisms.
What do you guys associate with the term antibiosis.
How can we define the concept of "antibiosis"?
Antibiosis is a form of relationship in which both interacting populations (or one of them) are negatively influenced by the other.
A plan for studying the topic is written on the board:
2 pair - considers the phenomenon of predation in plants and fungi.
Couples are given task cards.
Couples work, followed by discussion on these topics.
Types of relationships between organisms.
|
Type of antibiotic |
5) Presentation of students from each pair.
How do you think the relationship between organisms of different systematic groups ensures balance in the ecological system?
Topic "Relationship of organisms"
1) Rejected by selection for a long time,
Legs do not wear heads!
Live strongest brothers
And I can't escape fate.
(predator - prey)
2) We are in one bundle with you,
Like a friendly family
It has long been unclear
Where are you and where am I?
(symbiosis)
3) I wish you many years of life,
Don't know about me at all!
I'll find dinner and lunch
As long as you are in my destiny.
Will not scare me off at all!
Only b from the master's table
I got something.
(parasitism)
Mission Cards
I
1. Consider the phenomenon of predation in animals.
2. What is the meaning of this type of relationship? Give examples (3).
3. What adaptations for survival do predators and their prey have?
4. How can the phenomenon of predation be used in human practice?
5. Fill in the table in the notebook.
II
1. Consider the phenomenon of predation in plants and fungi.
3. Fill in the table in the notebook.
2. What is the meaning of this type of relationship? Give 3 examples.
5. Fill in the table in the notebook.
2. What is the meaning of this type of relationship? Give examples.
4. Fill in the table in the notebook.
Open lesson in biology
in grade 11."Antibiotic relationships between organisms".
Teacher: Zharikova L.I.
MOKU Maiskaya secondary school 2012.
Slide 2
Antibiosis
Antibiosis is a form of relationship in which both interacting populations or one of them are negatively influenced. The adverse effect of some species on others can manifest itself in different forms.
Slide 3
Predation
This is one of the most common forms of great importance in the self-regulation of biocenoses. Predators are animals (as well as some plants) that feed on other animals, which they catch and kill. The hunting objects of predators are extremely diverse. The lack of specialization allows predators to use a wide variety of foods. For example, foxes eat fruits; bears gather berries and love to feast on honey from forest bees.
Slide 4
Adapting predators
- Although all predators have preferred types of prey, the mass reproduction of unusual hunting objects forces us to switch to them. So, peregrine falcons get food in the air. But with mass breeding of lemmings, falcons begin to hunt them, seizing prey from the ground.
- The ability to switch from one type of prey to another is one of the necessary adaptations in the life of predators.
Slide 5
Predation
Predation is one of the main forms of the struggle for existence and is found in all large groups of eukaryotic organisms. Already in unicellular organisms, eating individuals of one species by another is a common occurrence. Jellyfish paralyze any organisms that fall within the reach of their tentacles with stinging cells (in large forms - up to 20-30 m in length), and eat them.
Slide 6
Predation of echinoderms
Typical predators live at the bottom of the sea - starfish, which feed on molluscs and often destroy vast settlements of coral polyps.
Slide 7
Insect predation
Many centipedes, in particular the centipede, are also typical predators with an extremely wide range of prey: from insects to small vertebrates.
Slide 8
Reptile predation
Large frogs attack chicks and can seriously harm waterfowl breeding. Snakes prey on amphibians, birds and small mammals. Often the objects of their hunting are not only adults, but also bird eggs. Bird nests, both on the ground and on tree branches, are literally devastated by snakes.
Slide 9
Cannibalism
A particular case of predation is cannibalism - eating individuals of its own species, most often juveniles. Cannibalism is common in spiders (females often eat males), in fish (eating fry). Female mammals also occasionally eat their young.
Slide 10
Predation
Predation is associated with the capture of resisting and fleeing prey. When a peregrine falcon attacks birds, most victims die instantly from a sudden blow from the falcon's claws. Vole mice also cannot resist an owl or a fox.
Slide 11
The evolution of predation
But sometimes the struggle between the predator and the prey turns into a fierce fight. Therefore, natural selection acting in the Predator population will increase the efficiency of the means of finding and catching prey. This purpose is served by a web of spiders, poisonous teeth of snakes, accurate attacking blows of praying mantises, dragonflies, snakes, birds and mammals. Complex behaviors are developed, such as the concerted action of a pack of wolves when hunting deer.
Slide 12
This includes protective coloration, various spines and shells, and adaptive behavior. When a predator attacks a school of fish, all individuals rush scatteringly. On the contrary, starlings, having noticed a peregrine falcon, huddle in a dense heap. The predator avoids attacking a dense flock, as it risks getting injured. Large ungulates, when attacked by wolves, become a circle. For wolves, the chance to fight back. and slaughtering an individual as a result of this behavior, the herd is significantly reduced. Therefore, they prefer to attack animals that are old or weakened by diseases, especially those who have strayed from the herd.
Slide 13
Similar behavior has developed in primates. With the threat of an attack by a predator, females with cubs find themselves in a dense ring of males. In the evolution of the predator-prey relationship, there is a constant improvement of both predators and their prey.
Slide 14
Plant predation
The need for nitrogen in plants growing on nutrient-poor soils, washed with water, has led to a very interesting phenomenon in them. These plants have insect traps. Thus, the leaf blades of the endemic of the state of North Carolina (USA) of the Venus Flytrap turned into valves with teeth. The leaves slam shut as soon as the insect touches the sensitive hairs on the leaf blade.
Slide 15
In the sundew found in Russia, the leaves are collected in a root socket. The entire top side and edges of each leaf are covered with glandular hairs. In the center of the leaf, glandular hairs are short, along the edges - long. The head of the hair is surrounded by a transparent droplet of thick, sticky, viscous mucus. Small flies or ants land or crawl onto the leaf and stick to it. The insect fights, trying to free itself, but all the hairs of the disturbed leaf bend towards the prey, enveloping it with mucus. The edge of the leaf slowly folds over and covers the insect. The mucus secreted by the hairs contains enzymes, so the prey is soon digested.
Slide 16
Mushroom predation
Animal feeding - Predation is also found in fungi. Predatory mushrooms form trapping devices in the form of small oval or spherical heads located on short branches of mycelium. However, the most common type of trap is a sticky, three-dimensional network, consisting of a large number of rings formed by the branching of hyphae. Often, predatory mushrooms catch animals larger than them, such as roundworms. The catching process is like catching flies on sticky paper. Soon after entangling the worm, the fungal hyphae sprout inward and quickly fill the entire body. The whole process takes about a day. In the absence of nematodes, fungi do not form traps. The emergence of a complex trapping apparatus is stimulated chemically, by the waste products of worms.
Slide 17
Literature
- Zakharov V. B. General biology: Textbook. For 10-11 cl. general education. institutions. - M .: Bustard, 2004.
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