External structure of the living environment and habitat. Presentation on the topic "habitat and external structure of mammals"
Theme : « general characteristics mammals. Living environments, external structure and habitats ”(slide 1).
Lesson objectives:
Educational - to study the general features of animals of the class Mammals; to form knowledge of the features of the external structure of mammals and their habitats;
Developing - to remember and consolidate the students' knowledge about the ecological characteristics of various groups of mammals; repeat the sequence of work according to the cubes algorithm;
Upbringing - continue the ability to work in a group, develop a sense of collectivism and commonwealth, aesthetic perception of the world around.
Didactic and material equipment of the lesson : INPonomareva “Biology. Animals "textbook for grade 7, publishing house" Ventana-graph ", 2009, stuffed mammals, multimedia educational complex 1c-biology, a set of educational cubes, animal figurines.
During the classes :
Organizing time .
Updating basic knowledge, motivational states:
Repetition of work with the dice algorithm (slide 2)
Warm up - questions on bricks (side number 1, slide 2) questions are distributed among students, and then they answer. To help or confirm their answers, a photo series is used (slides 4-5).
-Which bull rises above all (yak) when flying?
-What animal was the official mascot of the 1980 Moscow Olympics (bear)?
-This animal gave the name to the short male hairstyle (hedgehog)?
-In honor of which cat was named in WWII german tank t-5 (panther)?
-What animals live on the chessboard (elephant, horse)?
-The image of what animal do sportsmen-shooters see when shooting at a running target (wild boar)?
-What American cat is a trademark sportswear and shoes (puma)?
-What mountain goat gave its name to the truck (gazelle)?
-Which beast is the best lumberjack (beaver)?
-Which animal with valuable fur is associated in Russian with the designation of four dozen (sable)?
-What animal do the taiga people call "bear conscience" or "thunder barometer" (chipmunk)?
-What animal is born with a mustache (cat)?
-What mammal gave the name to the ancient Russian coin (marten, “kuna” coin)?
-What mammal can be found in the oceans if the water is colored pink and purple (whale)?
-What is "theriology"? what is the origin of this word? (This raises a problematic question that allows you to move on to a new topic.)
Formation of new concepts, methods of action:
"Theriology" - a section of zoology that studies the structural and behavioral features of mammals (slide 6).
origin of mammals (slide 7 - video clip)
general characteristics of mammals (Bricks side number 2, slide 8. Students speak and discuss all points.)
_ about 5000 known modern species animals;
_ are spread throughout the globe;
_higher vertebrates;
_ warm-blooded (constant body temperature);
_the body is covered with hair (hairline);
_ give birth to live young and feed them with milk;
_sizes from 4 cm to 33 meters;
_ weight from 1.2 grams to 150 tons;
_ have a large brain with developed anterior hemispheres;
_have varied and complex behaviors (instincts);
_all organ systems achieve the greatest differentiation;
_high development of the nervous system allows you to quickly adapt to environmental conditions;
_in the class of mammals there are 19 orders, 122 families, 1017 genera, 5237 species of animals.
Famous Russian theriologists are voiced by students (side of cubes # 2, cube # 16, slide 9).
external structure of mammals (side of cubes # 3):
1st group studies parts of the body, limbs of mammals (working with a cat figurine, slide 10);2nd group studies the structure of the head (working with a stuffed hare, slides 11-12);Group 3 studies the structure of wool, skin and its modifications (slides 13-16). Each group analyzes the material studied and presents it to the team.
let's think together! (to consolidate the material, we answer together to the questions of cubes No. 15-16 of side No. 3):
-Why do animals sleep curled up in a ball? (for less heat transfer);
-Why is it allowed to shoot animals in winter? (more valuable fur, no shedding);
-What is the smell of a dog? (combustion from body heat of sebaceous secretions on the wool of a mammal);
- how much does mammary glands develop in animals? (by the number of cubs) (children's impressions from S. Mikhalkov's book "from 2 to 5": "A little girl washes in a bath with her mother, looking at her carefully. After a pause for a while, she asks her mother:" Mommy, don't you have only 2 breasts? "" Yes "- Mom answers, smiling. After thinking, the girl says:" Strange, but I thought like our cat's ladies, eight pieces in 2 rows ");
-Why are fat animals nervous and irritable? (This question is assigned to students for homework).
check in practice - report of students who have carried out research projects in the study of mammals(side cubes number 4).
2. "Ruminants" (observation of cows, horses, goats during feeding. Study of the diversity of ungulates in Kazan, slide 18).
3. "My cat" (observation of the cat's behavior during pregnancy, grooming the offspring, the behavior of kittens, slides 19 - 25, mini-presentation).
4. "Mastering imitation in monkeys, as evidence of the development of the psyche" ( research “On the imitation of primates to humans and the development of the“ candy ”and“ drink ”gestures, slide 26.)
Application of new concepts, methods of action:
- what phenomenon has allowed mammals to inhabit all environments of life? (fitness)
- students are again divided into groups in order to recall from the ecology course the signs of the external structure of various environmental groups animals (slides 27-28):
Group 1 characterizes chtonobionts and edaphobionts;
Group 2 determines the signs of jumping and airborne animals;
Group 3 characterizes dendrobionts and hydrobionts.
At the end of all the characteristics, the students draw a general conclusion about the adaptability of mammals to various conditions of existence and environments of life.
consolidate knowledge (reflection) (side number 6, slide 29)
- mammals - the highest warm-blooded vertebrates.
-the external structure of mammals does not depend on habitat.
- the skin of mammals is elastic, strong, has hair.
- care for offspring is especially pronounced in animals giving birth to helpless cubs.
- the life of mammals does not depend on the seasons of the year.
- the embryo develops outside the mother's body.
- mammals move on the ground, underground, trees, in water, in the air.
- aquatic mammals descended from land ancestors.
- horny formations of the skin are able to change.
- there are many mammary glands, they develop regardless of the number of cubs.
- mammals react to loud sounds with their whole body.
-the limbs of mammals can be modified or completely lost.
-The wool of mammals protects against temperature extremes.
- the tail serves as a rudder or support.
-beasts have populated all the environments of life on the planet
Checking and assessing students' answers (slide 30): 13-15 correct answers - mark "5", 9-12 correct answers - mark "4", 6-8 correct answers - mark "3", below 6 - worth working again houses.
mystery animal : Identify the signs by which Cheburashka can be attributed to mammals?
Homework: Work through the last question of cube # 16, side # 3
Living Environment Aquatic Ground Soil Air
Examine the external structure of mammals and insert the missing words into the proposed text: The body of mammals is covered with _____________ and consists of the same sections as in other vertebrates: ___________, neck, ____________, ___________ and two pairs of _________________. On the head, ____________ and the cranial regions are well distinguished. The mouth opening is surrounded by soft _________, and there is _______ at the end of the muzzle. Closer to the lateral surfaces of the head, there are __________, protected by movable ____________, along the outer edges of which there are long ________________.
General characteristics of mammals 4. The body is subdivided into the head, neck, trunk, paired fore and hind limbs, tail. The limbs are located under the body, due to which it is raised above the ground, which allows the animals to move at high speed.
Underfur, or undercoat - soft, thick, short hair. Long, large, sensory hair, at the base of which nerve fibers are located, which perceive contact with foreign objects. Long, strong, stiff guard hair Functions of the organs of touch. They retain heat well, as a lot of air is trapped between hair of this type Protects the skin from damage
Types of mammalian skin glands Sweat Odorous Milky Sebaceous 5. The skin is relatively thick, strong and elastic, covered with hair, which retains the heat produced by the body well. The skin contains sebaceous, sweat, milk and odor glands.
Mammals are higher warm-blooded, woolly vertebrates. They give birth to live cubs, feed them with milk. They have a large brain with well-developed hemispheres of the forebrain, organs of smell, vision, and hearing. They are distinguished by varied and complex behavior. These are the most highly organized vertebrates in evolutionary terms, demonstrating a huge variety of adaptations to environmental conditions. It is known that about 4 thousand modern species are distributed throughout the world and have mastered all habitats.
22 The spine is divided into five sections. There are always seven vertebrae in the cervical spine. The musculature is represented by a complex system of differentiated muscles. There is a abdominal muscular septum diaphragm. Developed subcutaneous muscles provide a change in the position of the hairline, as well as various facial expressions. The types of movement are varied: walking, running, climbing, jumping, swimming, flying. The digestive system is highly differentiated. Saliva contains digestive enzymes. In herbivorous animals, the cecum is significantly developed. Most have no cloaca. The heart is four-chambered. All organs and tissues of the body are supplied with pure arterial blood. Respiratory organs The lungs have a large respiratory surface due to the alveolar structure. In respiratory movements, in addition to the intercostal muscles, the diaphragm is also involved. The excretory organs are the pelvic kidneys. Urine is excreted through the urethra.
The world of living organisms has an impact on them, both direct and indirect. Creatures constantly interact with the environment, getting food from it, but at the same time excreting the products of its metabolism.
The environment includes:
- natural - that appeared on Earth independently of human activity;
- technogenic - created by people;
- external is everything that is around the body, and also affects its functioning.
How do living organisms change their habitat? They contribute to a change in the gas composition of the air (as a result of photosynthesis) and take part in the formation of the relief, soil, and climate. Through the influence of living beings:
- increased oxygen content;
- decreased amount of carbon dioxide;
- the composition of the World Ocean water has changed;
- rocks of organic content appeared.
Thus, the relationship between living organisms and their environment is a strong factor that provokes various transformations. There are four distinct living environments.
Ground-air habitat
Includes aerial and ground parts and is excellent for reproduction and development of living things. This is a rather complex and diverse environment, which is characterized by a high degree of organization of all living things. Soil exposure to erosion and pollution leads to a decrease in the number of living beings. IN terrestrial world habitat organisms have a highly developed external and internal skeleton. This is because the atmosphere is much less dense than water. The quality and structure of air masses are considered one of the important conditions for existence. They are in continuous motion, so the air temperature can change quite quickly. Living creatures that live in this environment must adapt to its conditions, so they have developed adaptability to sudden temperature fluctuations.
Aerial and terrestrial habitats are more diverse than aquatic ones. The pressure drops are not so pronounced here, but quite often there is a lack of moisture. For this reason, terrestrial living creatures have mechanisms to help them supply water to the body, mainly in arid regions. Plants develop a strong root system and a special waterproof layer on the surface of stems and leaves. Animals have an exceptional structure of the outer covers. Their lifestyle helps maintain water balance. An example would be migration to watering holes. The composition of the air for terrestrial living creatures also plays an important role, providing the chemical structure of life. The raw material for photosynthesis is carbon dioxide. Nitrogen is required to combine nucleic acids and proteins.
Adaptation to the environment
The adaptation of organisms to their habitat depends on their place of residence. Flying species have developed a certain body shape, namely:
- light limbs;
- lightweight design;
- streamlining;
- the presence of wings for flight.
In climbing animals:
- long grasping limbs, as well as a tail;
- thin long body;
- strong muscles that allow you to tighten the torso, as well as throw it from branch to branch;
- sharp talons;
- powerful grasping fingers.
Running living creatures have the following features:
- strong limbs with low weight;
- reduced number of protective horny hooves on the toes;
- strong hind and short forelimbs.
In some species of organisms, special adaptations allow them to combine the signs of flight and climbing. For example, having climbed a tree, they are capable of long jumps and flights. Other types of living organisms can run fast as well as fly.
Aquatic habitat
Initially, the vital activity of creatures was associated with water. Its features are in salinity, flow, food, oxygen, pressure, light and contribute to the systematization of organisms. Water pollution is very bad for living creatures. For example, due to a decrease in the water level in the Aral Sea, most of the flora and fauna, especially fish, disappeared. A huge variety of living organisms live in the water spaces. From the water they extract everything they need to carry out life, namely food, water and gases. For this reason, the whole variety of aquatic living beings must adapt to the main features of existence, which are formed by chemical and physical properties water. The salt composition of the environment is also of great importance for aquatic life.
A huge number of representatives of flora and fauna that spend their lives in suspension are regularly found in the water column. The ability to soar is provided by the physical characteristics of the water, that is, by the force of pushing out, as well as by the special mechanisms of the creatures themselves. For example, multiple appendages, which significantly increase the surface of the body of a living organism in comparison with its mass, increase friction against water. Another example of an aquatic habitat is jellyfish. Their ability to stay in a thick layer of water is due to unusual shape a torso that looks like a parachute. In addition, the density of the water is very similar to that of the body of a jellyfish.
Living organisms, whose habitat is water, have adapted to movement in different ways. For example, fish and dolphins have a streamlined body and fins. They are able to move quickly due to the unusual structure of the outer integument, as well as the presence of special mucus, which reduces friction against water. In some species of beetles living in aquatic environment, the released exhaust air from the respiratory tract is retained between the elytra and the body, thanks to which they are able to rapidly rise to the surface, where air is released into the atmosphere. Most of Protozoa moves with the help of cilia that vibrate, for example, ciliates or euglena.
Adaptations for aquatic life
The different habitats of animals allow them to adapt and live comfortably. The body of organisms is able to reduce friction against water due to the characteristics of the cover:
- hard, smooth surface;
- the presence of a soft layer present on the outer surface of the hard body;
- slime.
The limbs are presented:
- flippers;
- webbing for swimming;
- fins.
The shape of the torso is streamlined and has a wide variety of variations:
- flattened in the dorsal-abdominal region;
- round in cross section;
- flattened from the sides;
- torpedo-shaped;
- drop-shaped.
In the aquatic environment, living organisms need to breathe, therefore, the following have been developed:
- gills;
- air intakes;
- breathing tubes;
- blisters that the lung replaces.
Features of habitat in reservoirs
Water is able to accumulate and retain heat, so this explains the absence of strong temperature fluctuations, which are quite common on land. The most significant property of water is the ability to dissolve other substances in itself, which are later used both for breathing and for feeding organisms living in the water element. In order to breathe, oxygen is needed, so its concentration in water is of great importance. The temperature of the water in the polar seas is close to freezing, but its stability allowed the formation of certain adaptations that ensure vital activity even in such harsh conditions.
A huge variety of living organisms live in this environment. Fish, amphibians, large mammals, insects, molluscs, worms live here. The higher the temperature of the water, the less amount of diluted oxygen in it, which dissolves better in fresh water than in sea water. Therefore, few organisms live in the waters of the tropical zone, while in the polar waters there is a huge variety of plankton, which are used as food by representatives of the fauna, including large cetaceans and fish.
Breathing is realized by the entire surface of the body or by special organs - gills. For healthy breathing, regular water renewal is required, which is achieved by various vibrations, primarily by the movement of the living organism itself or its devices, such as cilia or tentacles. Great importance also has a salt composition for life. For example, molluscs, as well as crustaceans, require calcium to build a shell or shell.
Soil environment
Located in the upper fertile layer crust... This is a rather complex and very important component of the biosphere, which is closely related to the rest of its parts. Some organisms are in the soil all their life, others - half. For plants, the earth plays a vital role. What living organisms have mastered the soil habitat? It contains bacteria, animals, and fungi. Life in this environment is largely determined by climatic factors, such as temperature.
Soil habitat adaptations
For a comfortable existence, organisms have special body parts:
- small digging limbs;
- long and slender body;
- digging teeth;
- streamlined body without protruding parts.
The soil may lack air, as well as it is dense and heavy, which in turn led to the following anatomical and physiological adaptations:
- strong muscles and bones;
- resistance to oxygen deficiency.
The integuments of the body of underground organisms should allow them to move both forward and backward in dense soil without problems, therefore the following signs have developed:
- short coat, resistant to abrasion and able to be smoothed back and forth;
- lack of hairline;
- special secretions that allow the body to slide.
Specific sense organs have developed:
- the ears are small or completely absent;
- no eyes or they are significantly reduced;
- tactile sensitivity was highly developed.
It is difficult to imagine a vegetation cover without land. Distinctive feature The soil habitat of living organisms is considered to be that the creatures are associated with its substrate. One of the significant differences in this environment is the regular formation of organic matter, usually due to dying plant roots and falling leaves, and this serves as a source of energy for the organisms growing in it. The pressure on land resources and environmental pollution negatively affect the organisms living here. Some species are on the verge of extinction.
Organizational environment
The practical impact of man on the habitat affects the number of populations of animals and plants, thereby increasing or decreasing the number of species, and in some cases their death. Environmental factors:
- biotic - associated with the impact of organisms on each other;
- anthropogenic - associated with human influence on the environment;
- abiotic - refer to inanimate nature.
Industry is the largest industry in the economy modern society plays a critical role. It affects the environment at all stages of the industrial cycle, from the extraction of raw materials to the disposal of products due to further unsuitability. The main types of negative impact of leading industries on the environment of living organisms:
- Energy is the basis for the development of industry, transport and agriculture. The use of almost every fossil (coal, oil, natural gas, timber, nuclear fuel) negatively affects and pollutes natural complexes.
- Metallurgy. Technogenic dispersion of metals is considered one of the most dangerous aspects of its impact on the environment. The most harmful pollutants are considered: cadmium, copper, lead, mercury. Metals enter the environment at almost all stages of production.
- The chemical industry is one of the fastest growing industries in many countries. Petrochemical plants emit hydrocarbons and hydrogen sulphides into the atmosphere. Hydrogen chloride is produced in the production of alkalis. Substances such as nitrogen and carbon oxides, ammonia and others are also emitted in large volumes.
Finally
The world of living organisms has an impact on them, both direct and indirect. Creatures constantly interact with the environment, getting food from it, but at the same time excreting the products of their metabolism. The desert is dry and hot climate limits the existence of most living organisms, as in the polar regions due to cold weather only the most hardy representatives can survive. Moreover, they not only adapt to a particular environment, but also evolve.
Plants, by releasing oxygen, maintain oxygen balance in the atmosphere. Living organisms affect the properties and structure of the earth. Tall plants shade the soil, thereby contributing to the creation of a special microclimate and the redistribution of moisture. Thus, on the one hand, the environment changes organisms, helping them to improve through natural selection, and on the other hand, the types of living organisms change the environment.
Class Mammals, or Animals General characteristics. External structure. Living environments and habitats.
Objectives: Pprovide schoolchildren with the structure of animals of the Mammal class,
note the progressive features of the organization of mammals, which allowed them to occupy all the main habitats,
to acquaint with the general characteristics of the detachments of One-Pass and Marsupials,
prove the need to protect animals of the class Mammals,
to carry out moral and ecological education of students.
Tasks:
find its components in an object;
learn to generalize;
establish similarities and differences;
find cause and effect relationships;
develop communication skills.
Lesson type:learning new material. \\
Org moment.
View animal photos
Based on what external signs did you classify these animals as Reptiles and as Birds?
And now together we will try to find the answer to the question:
What are the features of the external structure of mammals?
General characteristics of mammals.
About 4 thousand species. Warm-blooded animals, hair. Live birth. Feeding of young with milk. Large brain (well-developed front hemispheres). Diverse and complex behavior. They have different adaptations to living conditions. Teeth differentiation. The presence of the outer ear. The presence of various glands.
Dimensions of mammals
Dwarf shrew
Blue whale
External structure on the example of a dog
Stop-forward
Fingers
Fingers
Jumping
Tree climbing
Flying
Floating
Mammalian head
Auricle
Eye
Eyelid
Brain department
Facial department
Lips
Nose
Mouth opening
Mammalian fur
Most have a well-developed coat
The meaning of the covers:
Provides thermoregulation;
Protects against mechanical damage;
Gives a patronizing color.
Vibrissae
Vibrissae are long, hard hairs located on the muzzle that perform a tactile function
The guard hairs of the mole are absent
Horny skin formations
Laboratory work №13 The external structure of mammals.
Anchoring:
1. You are given five words. Four of them are combined a common feature... The fifth does not fit them. Which one? a) hooves; b) hair; c) claws; d) chitin; e) nails 2. The extremities of mammals are located: A) both pairs under the body; B) both pairs on the sides of the body; B) one under the body, the other on the sides 3. Vibrissae are: A) wool; B) undercoat; C) mustache 4. Heat regulation in mammals occurs with the participation of: A) odorous glands; B) sweat glands; C) sebaceous glands
Establish a correspondence between animals and their organs of movement. Enter the answers in the table.
1. Red deer 2. Red nocturnal 3. Harp seal 4. Orca
A. Wings B. Fins V. Legs G. Flippers
1 2 3 4
Let's check ourselves:
1) d) chitin 2) a) both pairs under the body 3) c) mustache 4) b) sweat glands
1 2 3 4 C A D B
Let's check our answers and give marks:
5-6 points score "5" 4 points score "4" 3 points score "3"
Let's summarize.
Mammals are a class of vertebrates, the main distinguishing features of which are viviparity (with the exception of the infraclass of cloacal animals) and feeding of cubs with milk. Outwardly, animals are characterized by the fact that they are covered with wool, have mammary glands, jaws with teeth, auricles. Warm-blooded, viviparous, milk-feeding, highly developed nervous system, the ability to regulate body temperature allows mammals to live in a wide variety of conditions. More than 4 thousand species of mammals are known.
Homework:
Answer the questions: Mammals or mammals, how is it right and why? Which mammal does not have eyes? Why does a dog stick out its tongue in extreme heat? Optionally: Prepare a report on the role of vibrissae in the life of mammals.